基于TGF-β/smad信号通路探讨七方胃痛颗粒对人胃腺癌AGS细胞上皮间质转化过程的影响＊

目的 探究七方胃痛颗粒对转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）诱导人胃腺癌细胞AGS上皮间质转化（Epithelial-mesenchymal transition， EMT）过程的影响及其潜在分子机制。方法 为了探究七方胃痛颗粒对TGF-β1处理的AGS细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响，实验分为四组：AGS细胞对照组，EMT空白模型组，中药血清组，TGF-β/smad通路抑制剂组，分别利用CCK8、细胞划痕实验和Transwell实验检测细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。此外，通过免疫荧光检测EMT过程中相关蛋白（E-cadherin、N-cadherin、14-3-3ζ、Smad2和p-Smad2/3）的表达水平。结果 与AGS细胞对照组相比，TGF-β1诱导EMT过程，显著促进AGS细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭，下调了E-cadherin的表达，上调了N-cadherin、14-3-3ζ、Smad2和p-Smad2/3的表达；与EMT空白模型组相比，中药血清组、TGF-β/smad通路抑制剂组显著抑制了细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭，上调了E-cadherin的表达，降低了N-cadherin、14-3-3ζ、Smad2和p-Smad2/3的表达。结论 七方胃痛颗粒通过调控TGF-β/smad信号通路从而抑制人胃腺癌AGS细胞的EMT过程。     

儿童指突状树突细胞肉瘤合并骨髓增生异常综合征一例报告并文献复习

指突状树突细胞肉瘤(interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma,IDCS)是一种罕见的树突状细胞肿瘤,目前全球仅百余例报道,常以无痛性淋巴结肿大起病,侵袭性较强、预后较差[1-2]。骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndromes,MDS)为起源于造血干、祖细胞的恶性克隆性疾病,以单系或多系病态造血、易向白血病转化为特征,目前被认为是一种老年性疾病[3]。本研究报道1例同患IDCS和MDS的患儿,为国内外首次报道2种肿瘤同时发生,旨在探讨2种肿瘤的诊治要点,避免漏诊、误诊。     

Selective Laser Melting of Al-Based Matrix Composites with Al2O3 Reinforcement: Features and Advantages

Aluminum matrix composites (AMC) are of great interest and importance as high-performance materials with enhanced mechanical properties. Al₂O₃ is a commonly used reinforcement in AMCs fabricated by means of various technological methods, including casting and sintering. Selective laser melting (SLM) is a suitable modern method of the fabrication of net-shape fully dense parts from AMC with alumina. The main results, achievements, and difficulties of SLM applied to AMCs with alumina are discussed in this review and compared with conventional methods. It was shown that the initial powder preparation, namely the particle size distribution, sphericity, and thorough mixing, affected the final microstructure and properties of SLMed materials drastically. The distribution of reinforcing particles tends to consolidate the near-melting pool-edges process because of pushing by the liquid–solid interface during the solidification process that is a common problem of various fabrication methods. The achievement of an homogeneous distribution was shown to be possible through both the thorough mixing of the initial powders and the precise optimization of SLM parameters. The strength of the AMCs fabricated by the SLM method was relatively low compared with materials produced by conventional methods, while for superior relative densities of more than 99%, hardness and tribological properties were obtained, making SLM a promising method for the Al-based matrix composites with Al₂O₃.     

缺氧诱导因子-1α参与肝纤维化形成机制研究进展

目的 肝纤维化是一种由于反复肝损伤而导致肝组织细胞外基质过多沉积导致的疾病。缺氧损伤为肝损伤的一部分,缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)是响应缺氧应激的关键转录因子,在肝纤维化组织和活化的肝星状细胞(HSC)表达显著增加。目前,通过对大量HIF-1α依赖性基因和信号通路的研究,确认这些基因及其通路的变化参与肝纤维化发展过程,并可能在肝纤维化发生发展过程中起关键作用。本文综述了HIF-1α相关的信号通路参与肝纤维化发展的相关机制,并对上游影响HIF-1α合成和降解的相关信号通路进行了阐述,为其作为新型治疗靶点的可能潜力提供依据。     

Traumatic Cerebral Microbleeds in the Subacute Phase Are Practical and Early Predictors of Abnormality of the Normal-Appearing White Matter in the Chronic Phase

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:In the chronic phase after traumatic brain injury, DTI findings reflect WM integrity. DTI interpretation in the subacute phase is less straightforward. Microbleed evaluation with SWI is straightforward in both phases. We evaluated whether the microbleed concentration in the subacute phase is associated with the integrity of normal-appearing WM in the chronic phase.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Sixty of 211 consecutive patients 18 years of age or older admitted to our emergency department ≤24 hours after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury matched the selection criteria. Standardized 3T SWI, DTI, and T1WI were obtained 3 and 26 weeks after traumatic brain injury in 31 patients and 24 healthy volunteers. At baseline, microbleed concentrations were calculated. At follow-up, mean diffusivity (MD) was calculated in the normal-appearing WM in reference to the healthy volunteers (MD_z). Through linear regression, we evaluated the relation between microbleed concentration and MD_z in predefined structures.RESULTS:In the cerebral hemispheres, MD_z at follow-up was independently associated with the microbleed concentration at baseline (left: B = 38.4 [95% CI 7.5–69.3], P = .017; right: B = 26.3 [95% CI 5.7–47.0], P = .014). No such relation was demonstrated in the central brain. MD_z in the corpus callosum was independently associated with the microbleed concentration in the structures connected by WM tracts running through the corpus callosum (B = 20.0 [95% CI 24.8–75.2], P < .000). MD_z in the central brain was independently associated with the microbleed concentration in the cerebral hemispheres (B = 25.7 [95% CI 3.9–47.5], P = .023).CONCLUSIONS:SWI-assessed microbleeds in the subacute phase are associated with DTI-based WM integrity in the chronic phase. These associations are found both within regions and between functionally connected regions.

The yearly incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is around 300 per 100,000 persons.^1,2 Almost three-quarters of patients with moderate to severe TBI have traumatic axonal injury (TAI).³ TAI is a major predictor of functional outcome,^4,5 but it is mostly invisible on CT and conventional MR imaging.^6,7DTI provides direct information on WM integrity and axonal injury.^5,8 However, DTI abnormalities are neither specific for TAI nor stable over time. Possibly because of the release of mass effect and edema and resorption of blood products, the effects of concomitant (non-TAI) injury on DTI are larger in the subacute than in the chronic phase (>3 months).^4,9,10 Therefore, DTI findings are expected to reflect TAI more specifically in the chronic than in the subacute phase (1 week–3 months).⁴ Even in regions without concomitant injury, the effects of TAI on DTI are dynamic, possibly caused by degeneration and neuroplastic changes.^6,11,12 These ongoing pathophysiological processes possibly contribute to the emerging evidence that DTI findings in the chronic phase are most closely associated with the eventual functional outcome.^12,13Although DTI provides valuable information, its acquisition, postprocessing, and interpretation in individual patients are demanding. SWI, with which microbleeds can be assessed with high sensitivity, is easier to interpret and implement in clinical practice. In contrast to DTI, SWI-detected traumatic microbleeds are more stable¹ except in the hyperacute^14,15 and the late chronic phases.¹⁶ Traumatic cerebral microbleeds are commonly interpreted as signs of TAI. However, the relation is not straightforward. On the one hand, nontraumatic microbleeds may be pre-existing. On the other hand, even if traumatic in origin, microbleeds represent traumatic vascular rather than axonal injury.¹⁷ Indeed, TAI is not invariably hemorrhagic.¹⁸ Additionally, microbleeds may secondarily develop after trauma through mechanisms unrelated to axonal injury, such as secondary ischemia.¹⁸DTI is not only affected by pathophysiological changes but also by susceptibility.¹⁹ The important susceptibility-effect generated by microbleeds renders the interpretation of DTI findings at the location of microbleeds complex. In the chronic phase, mean diffusivity (MD) is the most robust marker of WM integrity.^4,6 For these reasons, we evaluated MD in the normal-appearing WM.Much TAI research focuses on the corpus callosum because it is commonly involved in TAI^5,18,20 and it can reliably be evaluated with DTI,^5,21 and TAI in the corpus callosum is related to clinical prognosis.^6,20 The corpus callosum consists of densely packed WM tracts that structurally and functionally connect left- and right-sided brain structures.²² The integrity of the corpus callosum is associated with the integrity of the brain structures it connects.²³ Therefore, microbleeds in brain structures that are connected through the corpus callosum may affect callosal DTI findings. Analogous to this, microbleeds in the cerebral hemispheres, which exert their function through WM tracts traveling through the deep brain structures and brain stem,^24,25 may affect DTI findings in the WM of the latter.Our purpose was to evaluate whether the microbleed concentration in the subacute phase is associated with the integrity of normal-appearing WM in the chronic phase. We investigated this relation within the cerebral hemispheres and the central brain and between regions that are functionally connected by WM tracts.